Study Questions for the Final Exam

The Final Exam will take place during our regular class time in our regular room on Thursday, August 2. You need only bring a pen. the exam will consist of 20 multiple choice items and two short essay questions (you will have a choice between three essay prompts for each question). The review guide is presented in all essay format. If you can answer these essay questions fully, you will have the information you need for both the multiple choice and short essay portions of the exam. My standard rule is: not everything on the review sheet will be on the exam, but everything on the exam will be on the review sheet. Good luck!

NOTE: Any questions from your Short Paper assignments are also FAIR GAME for the final exam! ALSO, be sure to use EXAMPLES or SPECIFIC details when asked!

Define “Third World” and Colonialism from the non-Western perspective. Discuss at least three ways in which these two intellectual constructs are necessarily interrelated. What is the non-West? What differentiates it from the West? What is “Occidentalism?” Discuss the relevance of “struggle,” “emancipation,” “resistance” and “progress” to the non-Western viewpoint.

Define globalization in your own words and assess the notion that globalization is actually a continuation of colonialism by other means, a “neocolonialism.” What are 4 ways in which globalization is different from previous eras of colonialism? How has globalization affected the “global landscape?” What are the origins of globalization and what are its driving forces (i.e., what are the new colonial powers)?

Define and contrast nationalism with revolution in the Third World context. Why was the banner of “the nation” used to unite the post-Colonial areas? What is a feature shared by all Third World nationalisms? What are some problems with nationalism in the Third World?

Modernization theory “developed” from two major social theories: evolutionary and functionalist. Identify and briefly discuss the theoretical assumptions Modernization took from these two theories. How did these assumptions influence the ideas of Rostow and Levy? What are the major critiques of Modernization Theory? Discuss in detail Rostow’s Takeoff theory of development. How did his ideas influence US foreign policy?

Explain in detail Andre Frank’s Metropolis-Satellite model of underdevelopment. What hypotheses did he derive from this? What were the three historical forms of dependence catalogued by Dos Santos? What are the major critiques of Dependency theory (and by whom are they made)?

Discuss the world systems model (e.g., core-semiperiphery-periphery) developed by Immanuel Wallerstein. Is movement between levels possible? In what directions(s)? How is movement possible (strategies)? How does this address the critiques of both Modernization and Dependency?

How and why was the World Bank established? What are its purposes? What were some early lending problems of the World Bank (explain in detail)? Discuss in detail the World Bank presidency of McNamara. How does this parallel with Goethe’s story of Faust?

How and why was the IMF established? What are its purposes? What is the significance of a member’s quota? What 3 major functions does the IMF currently perform?

What is the current level of Third World debt? Why (4 major reasons) has this become such a big problem? Explain/discuss SAPs and SALs in detail. What were they intended to do, and what have they actually done? How have the actions of the World Bank and IMF contributed to/exacerbated the problem of Third World debt? How has Modernization theory, in general, contributed to this problem? Why do countries that borrow from the West often find it impossible to repay their debts?

Define democratization. What are its elements? Compare this to the ideas on democratization presented in the Annual articles on political development. What seem to be the “necessary ingredients” for “liberal democracy?” What is the non-Western/NGO definition of political development? How does this compare with the Modernization (Annual) approach to political development? Discuss Freedom House’s categories of Free, Partly Free, & Not Free. How are these determined? What are political rights and civil liberties?

How are NGOs in the Third World defined? Identify and discuss the 4 types of Third World NGOs and networks. What is the importance and function of NGOs in the creation and maintenance of civil society? How would you describe the relation of NGOs to grassroots democratization/globalization/development from below? What are the basic goals of NGOs?

Compare and contrast the Modernization and Sustainable/NGO Development models, using two examples concerning economic development and two examples concerning political development.

Rather than being drawn into a “clash of civilizations”, what sort of clash does Zeyno Baran (Annual #28, “Fighting the War of Ideas”) believe the West is being drawn into? What does Baran believe to be the greatest achievement of Hizb ut-Tahrir (HT) to date? Why did Sheikh Taqiuddin al-Nabhani leave the Mulsim Brotherhood in 1953 to start Hizb ut-Tahrir (HT)? Why was Hamas started in 1987, and from which organization was it an offshoot? Why does Michael Herzog suggest in “Can Hamas Be Tamed?” (Annual #31) that Turkey has been able to co-opt radical Islamist parties and organizations?

Rocinha is a squatter village 150,000 people strong. It is the largest squatter village in what city? What are squatter villages generically referred to in Brazil? Why does Neuwirth suggest that the word “slum” is a loaded term? Explain what is meant by “asfaltização.” What is the basic trade-off between the drug gangs who run the favelas of Rio (like Rocinha) and the squatters who live there? Why do the favelas often seem more safe and secure than the “formal” areas of Rio? Why does Neuwirth suggest that Peter Marcuse is really opposed to squatting? How has Turkey apparently solved the problem of squatting, both in terms of property and political representation?

What is the nature of the major funding sources for Fourth Generation Warfare (4GW) organizations (like al-Qaeda)? What appears to be one of the major structural drivers behind the success and growth of 4GW organizations? What is the major advantage of 4GW tactics over traditional terrorism & guerrilla insurgency techniques and approaches? What appears to be, according to Robb, the two forces bringing the power of the state to control its borders, people and economy to an end? List and briefly describe the four generations of warfare. What is meant by the “long tail” of 4GW? Discuss the three factors contributing to long tail insurgencies in the Third World. How can you apply this concept directly to 4GW activities in Iraq and by MEND in Nigeria? Explain what is meant by, and the importance of, the following terms: guerrilla entrepreneur, systempunkt, asymmetrical effects, cascade effects, systems disruption. According to Robb, who was the original guerrilla entrepreneur?

What is meant by the “feminization of poverty?” Why is the education of women so crucial to the future of the Third World?