Study Questions for the Final Exam

The Final Exam will take place during our regular class time in our regular room on Thursday, August 2. You need only bring a pen. the exam will consist of 20 multiple choice items and two short essay questions (you will have a choice between three essay prompts for each question). The review guide is presented in all essay format. If you can answer these essay questions fully, you will have the information you need for both the multiple choice and short essay portions of the exam. My standard rule is: not everything on the review sheet will be on the exam, but everything on the exam will be on the review sheet. Good luck!

NOTE: Any questions from your Short Paper assignments are also FAIR GAME for the final exam! ALSO, be sure to use EXAMPLES or SPECIFIC details when asked!

Define “Third World” and Colonialism from the non-Western perspective. Discuss at least three ways in which these two intellectual constructs are necessarily interrelated. What is the non-West? What differentiates it from the West? What is “Occidentalism?” Discuss the relevance of “struggle,” “emancipation,” “resistance” and “progress” to the non-Western viewpoint.

Define globalization in your own words and assess the notion that globalization is actually a continuation of colonialism by other means, a “neocolonialism.” What are 4 ways in which globalization is different from previous eras of colonialism? How has globalization affected the “global landscape?” What are the origins of globalization and what are its driving forces (i.e., what are the new colonial powers)?

Define and contrast nationalism with revolution in the Third World context. Why was the banner of “the nation” used to unite the post-Colonial areas? What is a feature shared by all Third World nationalisms? What are some problems with nationalism in the Third World?

Modernization theory “developed” from two major social theories: evolutionary and functionalist. Identify and briefly discuss the theoretical assumptions Modernization took from these two theories. How did these assumptions influence the ideas of Rostow and Levy? What are the major critiques of Modernization Theory? Discuss in detail Rostow’s Takeoff theory of development. How did his ideas influence US foreign policy?

Explain in detail Andre Frank’s Metropolis-Satellite model of underdevelopment. What hypotheses did he derive from this? What were the three historical forms of dependence catalogued by Dos Santos? What are the major critiques of Dependency theory (and by whom are they made)?

Discuss the world systems model (e.g., core-semiperiphery-periphery) developed by Immanuel Wallerstein. Is movement between levels possible? In what directions(s)? How is movement possible (strategies)? How does this address the critiques of both Modernization and Dependency?

How and why was the World Bank established? What are its purposes? What were some early lending problems of the World Bank (explain in detail)? Discuss in detail the World Bank presidency of McNamara. How does this parallel with Goethe’s story of Faust?

How and why was the IMF established? What are its purposes? What is the significance of a member’s quota? What 3 major functions does the IMF currently perform?

What is the current level of Third World debt? Why (4 major reasons) has this become such a big problem? Explain/discuss SAPs and SALs in detail. What were they intended to do, and what have they actually done? How have the actions of the World Bank and IMF contributed to/exacerbated the problem of Third World debt? How has Modernization theory, in general, contributed to this problem? Why do countries that borrow from the West often find it impossible to repay their debts?

Define democratization. What are its elements? Compare this to the ideas on democratization presented in the Annual articles on political development. What seem to be the “necessary ingredients” for “liberal democracy?” What is the non-Western/NGO definition of political development? How does this compare with the Modernization (Annual) approach to political development? Discuss Freedom House’s categories of Free, Partly Free, & Not Free. How are these determined? What are political rights and civil liberties?

How are NGOs in the Third World defined? Identify and discuss the 4 types of Third World NGOs and networks. What is the importance and function of NGOs in the creation and maintenance of civil society? How would you describe the relation of NGOs to grassroots democratization/globalization/development from below? What are the basic goals of NGOs?

Compare and contrast the Modernization and Sustainable/NGO Development models, using two examples concerning economic development and two examples concerning political development.

Rather than being drawn into a “clash of civilizations”, what sort of clash does Zeyno Baran (Annual #28, “Fighting the War of Ideas”) believe the West is being drawn into? What does Baran believe to be the greatest achievement of Hizb ut-Tahrir (HT) to date? Why did Sheikh Taqiuddin al-Nabhani leave the Mulsim Brotherhood in 1953 to start Hizb ut-Tahrir (HT)? Why was Hamas started in 1987, and from which organization was it an offshoot? Why does Michael Herzog suggest in “Can Hamas Be Tamed?” (Annual #31) that Turkey has been able to co-opt radical Islamist parties and organizations?

Rocinha is a squatter village 150,000 people strong. It is the largest squatter village in what city? What are squatter villages generically referred to in Brazil? Why does Neuwirth suggest that the word “slum” is a loaded term? Explain what is meant by “asfaltização.” What is the basic trade-off between the drug gangs who run the favelas of Rio (like Rocinha) and the squatters who live there? Why do the favelas often seem more safe and secure than the “formal” areas of Rio? Why does Neuwirth suggest that Peter Marcuse is really opposed to squatting? How has Turkey apparently solved the problem of squatting, both in terms of property and political representation?

What is the nature of the major funding sources for Fourth Generation Warfare (4GW) organizations (like al-Qaeda)? What appears to be one of the major structural drivers behind the success and growth of 4GW organizations? What is the major advantage of 4GW tactics over traditional terrorism & guerrilla insurgency techniques and approaches? What appears to be, according to Robb, the two forces bringing the power of the state to control its borders, people and economy to an end? List and briefly describe the four generations of warfare. What is meant by the “long tail” of 4GW? Discuss the three factors contributing to long tail insurgencies in the Third World. How can you apply this concept directly to 4GW activities in Iraq and by MEND in Nigeria? Explain what is meant by, and the importance of, the following terms: guerrilla entrepreneur, systempunkt, asymmetrical effects, cascade effects, systems disruption. According to Robb, who was the original guerrilla entrepreneur?

What is meant by the “feminization of poverty?” Why is the education of women so crucial to the future of the Third World?

Map Quiz #5: East Asia

Here are the maps for our fifth and final map quiz. You will be required to know all visible country names as well as their corresponding capitals. The large area map will be the picture you will see on the actual quiz. Click on the images for a larger view.

Short Paper Assignment #3

In the third and final portion of the course, we have been grappling with two Third World phenomena resulting from globalization: the rise of "shadow cities as a result of rapid urbanization and the emergence of Fourth Generation Warfare organizations as a result of a political ecology of failed, failing and "hollow" Third World states. In a thoughtful reflection upon these issues, I would like you to write a short paper of 5-7 pages critically engaging the issue of Third World urbanization, failed states and the rise of 4GW organizations in the following manner:

First, using the case studies from Neuwirth's Shadow Cities, discuss the rapid urbanization of the Third World, specifically addressing the issues of property/title ownership, demographic shifts (fertility/aging), economic development and community/political life. Be certain to place these case study "shadow cities" within the slum typology provided by Mike Davis.

Second, explain Fourth Generation Warfare (4GW) - the types of organizational structures involved, how these organizations are funded, the impact of technology on their growth and success. Explain what is meant by failed, failing and "hollow" states (use the Failed States Indicators) and why they provide the political ecology which makes 4GW organizations and activities possible and successful. Be certain to discuss what is meant by "open source" warfare, and why it is a logical development within the larger context of globalization.

Finally, briefly discuss how "shadow cities" and 4GW organizations and activities are interconnected and how one could say that they are both brought about by the effects of globalization on the Third World.

To focus your paper, I would like you to draw upon both the Neuwirth and Robb books, as well as the relevant articles on Hamas and HT from the Annual Editions. Lecture notes and course readings MUST be used for a successful paper. Use of sources from outside the course is accepted, but these sources will not substitute for sufficient use of the assigned readings. Please be certain to cite correctly all sources from which you quote or use ideas. A bibliography &/or end-note page does not count towards your 5-7 page limit. Plagiarism will not be tolerated, and will be dealt with according to established University of Kentucky policy. This paper will be worth 20% of your final grade. The paper must be word processed in 12-point type, double-spaced, with one and a quarter-inch (1.25”) left-right margins. Handwritten copies of papers will NOT be accepted! In the July 27th class session, you are required to submit a rough draft of your paper for peer review. Each student will review 2-3 other student’s rough drafts and “sign off on them.” The rough draft of your paper, signed by your peer reviewers, MUST be attached to the final draft of your short paper, due at the beginning of class on July 30th. Short papers NOT accompanied by a peer-reviewed rough draft will not be accepted, unless due to an excused absence. Late papers (final drafts) will be reduced by one letter grade for each day they are late. Late papers must be turned in to me in class or placed in my mailbox on the 16th floor of the Patterson Office Tower with the date & time of submission on the cover. Should you have any questions on this paper assignment, I encourage you to make an appointment to meet with me, or if that is not possible, call or email. Good Luck!

Map Quiz #4: Central Asia

Here is the map for our fourth map quiz. You will be required to know all visible country names as well as their corresponding capitals. Click on the images for a larger view.

Stuart Brand on Squatter Cities

Political Development and Civil Society

Important Announcement RE: Population Readings

UPDATE (7pm): Please ignore the earlier statement (below). You still need to read Annual #'s 36, 38 & 40 for tomorrow. Sorry for the confusion.

The Annual readings listed in the syllabus for tomorrow are incorrect. Please read only Annual #35 for tomorrow.